Best practices can vary greatly, as a result. Infineon, for example, has developed about 30,000 different chips, but some are so small they cannot be individually marked for identification purposes. Each chip is unique, and what works well for one chip may not be ideal for another. Still, before you do that initialization, the PUF itself will have systematic variations that need to be managed, and that creates an opportunity to identify something unique to that design.” “You control that PUF with helper data, because the helper data has real random characteristics created from a random data stream and elsewhere and married to whatever is in the PUF. “People don’t have enough data to know how those things change, but they know that there are some effects,” Borza said. The problem is those require a huge amount of data to model what the PUFs should do, and there really isn’t a lot of data about PUFs over a substantial volume of chips, such as how the PUF changes from one chiplet or die or wafer to the next. There are statistical measures that might allow a PUF to be used as a weak identifier of the die that it is an authentic copy of the design. “But you can’t just turn on a PUF and use it as a way to validate that you’ve got the right chip, because every PUF looks similar.” “A PUF is good once you have the die identified and you’ve been able to initialize it,” said Borza. Other approaches include PUFs (physically unclonable functions), which are just one aspect of a solution. “This lets you get away from one kind of counterfeiting, if you can do that accurately at high volume,” he said. Mike Borza, Synopsys scientist, noted that the University of Florida has been working on technology to authenticate a chip right on the tester, which is especially important in multi-die/multi-chiplet implementations. They’ve been doing this for the past 20 years.” Counterfeiting is not, because we know the different types of counterfeiters. Or you hear on the news that a new vulnerability showed up that you never thought about during the security assessment. By the time you think that you’ve figured them out, there may be a new vulnerability in the systems. Security, however, deals with the intelligence of an attacker. “Hence your solution is based on the fact that one of those five scenarios is going to happen, and you develop solutions for it. “There hasn’t been a new or emerging counterfeiting approach over the past several years except recycled, cloned, re-marked, over-produced, and forged,” said Mark Tehranipoor, chair of the ECE department at the University of Florida. Of all these possibilities, counterfeiting is the easiest to identify, and it’s an area where there has been significant progress. No matter what the cause, all avenues need to be explored. It may even be caused by process variation, which can create a latent defect that creates an open or short in one or more regions of a design. It also may be due to complex interactions between heterogeneous components in a certain sequence - basically, a corner case that produces a silent data error. Or it may be the result of a cyberattack. Strange behavior may be due to a counterfeit part, including one that contains a trojan. This is a community,' but I think the moment my parents realized there was something more to it, they got out.The lines between counterfeiting, security, and design flaws are becoming increasingly difficult to determine in advanced packages and process nodes, where the number of possible causes of unusual behavior grow exponentially with the complexity of a device. It's usually someone saying, 'We're like-minded people. "Cults rarely advertise themselves as such. "I think my parents thought they'd found a community that shared their ideals," he further explains. Video: Reese Witherspoon and Joaquin Phoenix reunite in "Inherent Vice" trailer.I've always thought that was strange and unfair." They really believed, but I don't think most people see it that way. I think it was really innocent on my parents' part. "When people bring up Children of God, there's always something vaguely accusatory about it," the "Her" star, now 40, tells the magazine. Phoenix's parents joined the controversial religious group Children of God in the early 1970s and traveled throughout South America along with him and his siblings - including the late River Phoenix, who died of a drug overdose in 1993 - but left when they became disenchanted with the group. Though the typically reclusive Joaquin Phoenix rarely talks about his unconventional upbringing, the Oscar-winning actor gets candid with Playboy about his experience being born into the Children of God cult, as well as his infamous 2009 "Late Show with David Letterman" appearance.
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